Effects 101
4
This post is adapted from a reply I made on Podcast Alley. The question, from a new member identified only as “flextone,” was about getting started with sound improvement using Cakewalk and/or Adobe Audition:
I would appreciate any tips for getting the best out of the sound file such as what compression, EQ settings, adding any FX such as a little reverb.
The answer, of course, is that there are no universal “right settings” for any of these effects. If there were, there wouldn’t be any need for parameters and controls — just a single “Make It Sound Good” button. That said, here’s the best advice I can offer for anyone looking to find their right settings, based on my experience producing an audiobookish podcast and editing a wide variety of sound files sent to me from the wild.
Before you touch anything:
Take that money you were thinking about saving for a better microphone, and go out and buy a $100 pair of studio headphones from a real music outlet. I mean it. Good headphones are more important than a good mic, because if you can’t hear your podcast you have no idea if you’re improving it. I talk more about that subject here.
Compression:
The best tutorial I’ve ever seen on compression is this one from dbx. The recommendations it makes are an excellent starting point. From there, I recommend you experiment and decide what sounds best for you. In general, moderate-to-fast attack/release settings are better for voice and moderate-to-slow settings are better for most music.
Also in general, it sounds better to undercompress than to overcompress. You’ll know you need more compression if you’re driving in your car, listening to your own podcast, and find yourself having to ride the volume knob.1 You’ll know you have too much compression if every little sound you make is as loud as your most emphatic speech. This is boring and undramatic, and it increases listener fatigue.
Equalization:
First, you may not need it. Lots of people sound better without any EQ applied than they do with a great deal of fiddly sound sculpting. If you aren’t sure, try it both ways and do a blind test with a couple of honest friends. Don’t ask your spouse or family — they’re probably too biased towards your regular voice — but try to find friends who don’t care too much. (Have them listen with your good headphones, of course.) If you do need it, exactly what you need will depend entirely on your voice and the tone you want for your podcast.
I have an unusually ‘bright’ microphone, and I’ve always thought my voice sounded a bit too nasal, so I use the parametric EQ on my Mackie to give myself a little bit of 80 Hz boost and a moderate boost at 1000 Hz. I think it makes my voice a little deeper and rounder.2
Other general EQ thoughts:
- Experiment, then listen, then experiment some more. Record yourself with a ton of different settings, announcing each setting as you change it, and with frequent “EQ off” breaks for contrast.
- Small to moderate changes are much better than big ones. Just because you can add 15 dB to the high end of your voice range doesn’t mean you should. Ever. Unless you’re producing a cartoon.
- If you’re a man, don’t just blindly pump up the bass in the expectation that it will make you sound like Movie Preview Guy. It probably won’t, and even if it does, nobody wants to listen to Movie Preview Guy talk for half an hour.3
- If a total stranger can tell you’ve used EQ on your voice, you’ve failed.
Noise reduction:
You should learn about this and know how to use it for special circumstances: field recording, voicemail messages and bad Skype calls, that time when you never noticed the air conditioning was on, etc. It always distorts the signal, but sometimes that’s better than the alternative. Do not allow it to become a routine production step in your podcast. If you have noise issues every time you record, find out what’s going on in your environment and fix it. Don’t form the habit of relying on a magic button to fix it for you. It won’t.
Expansion/gating:
An expander is the lesser-known opposite of a compressor: it makes quiet sounds quieter, and leaves loud sounds intact. Depending on your microphone’s sensitivity and your own speech habits, you might find an expander useful for cutting down on distracting breath noises, lip and tongue smacks, etc. It can be useful for cutting down background noise in specific circumstances — it’s kinder and gentler than noise reduction — but again, it’s better to fix the problem instead. If you do use an expander, use it at moderate settings. Reducing breath so that it’s less audible sounds natural; an entire podcast with no breath noises at all sounds cold and alien.
That brings us to gates (aka “noise gates.”) A gate is simply an expander with a very high ratio, just as a limiter is a compressor with a very high ratio.4 It makes noises below the threshold disappear. I used to use gate effects fairly often, but I almost never do it any more. It’s too hard to get the threshold and attack/release just right so you don’t lose any signal and the transitions aren’t too harsh. And if you try to use a gate to cut out major noise problems, it still leaves the noise in when you’re talking, so the end result has the “on/off” clipping of a walkie-talkie.
Reverb:
This is one of the most overused effects in podcasting. Don’t apply reverb to your normal speaking voice just because it’s there and it sounds cool. It gets old very fast. Reverb is for music and used car commercials. Sounding like you’re podcasting from an empty cathedral won’t make your words any better, and will usually get in the way of people understanding them. If you do decide to use it, go with the subtlest possible settings that achieve your goal. Again, if a listener is able to say, “Aha! They’re using reverb!” — you’ve failed.
Anecdotal exception: I’ve used reverb for general speech exactly once. It was a story recording I’d received from another narrator, and it had high-frequency noise issues. Using SoundSoap took care of the noise but left the speech sounding noticeably distorted — that “tin box underwater” sound. A tiny bit of Soundtrack Pro’s reverb, using a small room size and a fairly short reverb time, helped to smooth out that distortion and bury it in the reverb effect. Even with low settings the reverb was noticeable, but worked okay in context — the voice for this particular story wasn’t supposed to be a normal human anyway.
Other effects:
By all means, play with everything until you’ve learned what it all does. Unless you have a specific reason for a specific effect, however, don’t actually use them in stuff people will hear. I’ve never heard a podcast where I thought, “Yeah, that guy needs more tremolo when he’s talking about cars,” or “If she’d only pitch-shifted her voice half an octave, I’d have learned a lot more about William Shatner’s butt!”
Most of those effects are gimmicks, and while the Beastie Boys may have uses for all of them, they sound pretty stupid on a single voice in isolation. It may be funny, in a vague sort of way, but “vaguely funny” doesn’t usually last the length of a podcast.
The mark of good sound engineering is that it’s transparent. If you do the job well, no one will even notice that you’ve done it. Your podcast will simply sound good enough that nobody pays attention to the sound; they’ll be listening to the words instead. Having people notice your effects usually means you’ve done them wrong.
Finally, listen to your own podcast.
Other comments and experiences encouraged as always, of course. This is one of those posts that I’m hoping will remain a document-in-progress.
- That, or you need better mic placement and levels when recording. ↩
- I’ve only had one criticism: my high school ex-girlfriend e-mailed me to say I was trying to talk too deep and sounded fake. But her experience with my voice isn’t that of the world at large, so I filed her opinion under H for “Huh.” and kept doing what I was doing. ↩
- For women, I suppose the equivalent sin would be pumping the 6k to 8k range in the hopes of sounding more sibilant and sexy; but I honestly don’t think women go in as much for this particular sort of vanity. ↩
- ”Very high” may mean “infinite” in both cases, but it might also mean something like 20:1. ↩
So